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GRANMAR BAHASA INGGRIS
ACTIVE and PASSIVE
VOICE
Active voice :
kalimat yag subjeknya melakukan pekerjaan
: kalimat yang
bermakna (me- atau ber-)
Passive voice :
kalimat yang subjeknya dikenai pekerjaan
: kalimat yang
bermakna (di- atau ter-)
Ø
Subyek dari passive voice berasal dari obyek di
active voice. Kalimat intransitive tidak dapat diubah menjadi passive voice.
Kalimat intransitif : kalimat yang tidak mempunyai
obyek.
Example : She goes to market with her
mom.
Ø
Pola kalimat
Present
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Active Voice
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Passive Voice
|
Example
|
S + V1(es/s) + O
She writers letter
|
S + as/am/are + V3 + by agent
Letter is written by she
|
Example
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S + is/am/are + Ving + O
Dhe is writing letter
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S + as/am/are + being + V3 + by
Letter is being written by she
|
Example
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S + have/has + V3
She has written letter
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S + have/has + been + V3
Letter has been written by she
|
Example
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S + will/shall + V1 + O
She will write letter
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S + will/shall + be + V3 + O
Letter will be written by she
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Past
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Active Voice
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Passive Voice
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Example
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S + V2 + O
She wrote letter
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S + was/were + V3 + by agent
Letter was written by she
|
Example
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S + was/were + Ving + O
She was writing letter
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S + as/am/are + being + V3 + by
Letter was being written by she
|
Example
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S + had + V3 + O
She had written letter
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S + have/has + been + V3
Letter had been written by she
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Example
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S + would + V1 + O
She would write letter
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S + would + be + V3 + O
Letter would be written by she
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DIRECT and INDIRECT SPEECH
Direct speech : kalimat
yang secara langsung diucapkan dari pembicara pada waktu itu juga, ditandai
dengan tanda petik (“…”)
Indirect speech :
kalimat yang tidak langsung, yang dikatakan atau diulangi lagi
Perubahan Tenses
Direct Speech
|
Indirect Speech
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Direct Speech
|
Indirect Speech
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Present Simple
|
Past tense
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Past tense
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Past perfect
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Present continuous
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Past continuous
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Past continuous
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Past perfect continuous
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Present future
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Past future
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Past future
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Past perfect future
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Present Perfect
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Past perfect
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Past perfect
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Past perfect
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Adverbal Time
Direct Speech
|
Direct Speech
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Today
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That day
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Now
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Then
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Yesterday
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The day before
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Last night
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The night before
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Last week
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The week before
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Two days ago
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Two day before
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The night
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The following night
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Tomorrow
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The following day
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Ago
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Before
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This
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That
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These
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Those
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Here
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There
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Over here
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Over there
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ü
Perubahan subyek/obyek ditentukan dengan melihat
konteks kalimat
ü
Tiga bentuk direct dan indirect speech
1) Statement
/ berita
Example:
DS: He said,”The woman comes.”
IS: He said that she woman came.
2) Question
a) Yes/No
Question
Example:
DS: Rini said to me,”Do you see
my pencil?”
IS: Rini asked to me if I saw her
pencil.
b) WH
Question
Example:
DS: She said to me,”What are you
doing?”
IS: She required of me what I was
doing.
c) Command
a) Perintah
Example:
DS: She said to her servant,”Go
away at once!”
IS: She ordered her servant to go
away at once.
b) Larangan
Example:
DS: She sais,”Don’t come late!”
IS: She ordered not to come late.
CONDITIONAL SENTENCE
Type I :
Untuk mengatakan sesuatu yang mungkin terjadi dimasa
mendatang
Rumus :If+S+V1,
S+will+V1
Contoh: If she has money, she will buy a car.
Type II:
Untuk mengandaikan sesuatu yang tidak mungkin terjadi di
masa sekarang.
Rumus : if+S+V2/were,
S+would+V1
Contoh: If I were you, I would be happy
Catatan: untuk semua
subyek,tobenya harus tetap were
Type III:
Untuk mengandaikan sesuatu yang tidak mungkin terjadi di
masa lalu
Rumus:id+S+had+V3, S+would have+V3
Contoh: If I had go to school, I would got rain.
DEGREE of COMPARISON
digunakan untuk membandingkan sifat/benda dengan sifat benda
lain.
Degress of comparison dibagi menjadi 3, yaitu:
- Positive degree (tingkatan biasa)
-
As … as
-
The same as …
-
Not as … as
-
… different from …
- Comparative Degree
- Supperlative Degree
Aturan
- Kata sifat yang terdiri dari 1 suku kata atau bersuku kata dua dapat dibentuk comparative dan superlative dengan:
a) Comparative + -er
Superlative + -est
Jika kata
sifat berakhir dua huruf mati/satu huruf mati didahului 2 huruf hidup.
Contoh:
Rich Richer Deepest
Deep Deeper Deepest
b) Jika
kata sifat berakhir satu huruf mati dan huruf mati itu didahului sebuah vocal
pendek, maka huruf terakhir digandakan kemudian +er/est
Contoh:
Big bigger biggest
Sad sadder saddest
c) Jika
kata yang akhirannya huruf e, ditambah r/st
Contoh:
Nice nicer nicest
Wise wiser wisest
d) Jika
kata yang akhirannya huruf y, dan sebelum huruf huruf y itu ada huruf mati,
maka y diubah menjadi c kemudian +es/est
Contoh:
Happy happier happiest
Greedy greedier greediest
e) Jika
terdiri dari 2 kata yang berakhiran some, -ow, -le, -er, maka ditambah –er/est
Contoh:
Handsome Handsomer Handsomest
Clever Cleverer Cleverest
- Kata sifat yang terdiri dari 2 suku kata/lebih
Positif degree tetap
Comparative degree +more
Superlative degree +most
Contoh:
Famous more famous most famous
Important more impotant most
impotant
- Kata sifat yang memiliki tingkat perbandingan tidak beraturan
Contoh:
Good better best
Little less least
Much more most
Bad worse worst,
etc
Contoh dalam kalimat:
1) Positive
degree:
-
She is beautiful
-
My house is as big as yours
2) Comparative
degree:
-
This girl is cleverer than me
-
Netty is taller than her sister
3) Superlative
degree
-
She is the tallest of all
-
Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the
world
GERUND
Kata kerja beebentuk Ving yang digunakan sebagai kata benda.
Rumus : bentuk
dasar+Ving
Fungsi gerund:
- Sebagai subyek
Contoh: reading is my hobby
- Sebagai obyek
Contoh: We like writing
- Sebagai komplemen
Contoh: Her hobby is listening the music
- Sebagai noun modifier
Contoh: a drawing pen
- Sebagai judul
Contoh: Gardening
- Digunakan setelah preposisi
Contoh: he gave up smoking
INFINITIVE
kata kerja dasar/bentuk 1
- Infinitive with to (to+V1)
Dipakai setelah kata kerja
sebagai berikut:
-
Advise -
hope - permit - expect - order
-
Allow -
intend -
promise - force - remind
-
Ask/want -
invite - propose - need - teach
-
Beg -
instruct - warn - tell -etc
-
Decide -learn -would like - use
Rumus : S+V1+to V1+O
Contoh:
-
I promise to come
-
They decided to build a university
-
- Infinitive witout to (v1)
·
Dipakai setelah kata kerja : makr, let, have
·
Kata kerja yang berhubungan dengan indera
misalnya, see, listen, hear, observe,
notice, watch, feel
Rumus : S+V+O+V1
Contoh: I had the tailor sew my
shirt
Catatan:
Verb of perception dapat diikuti
kata kerja bentuk –ing dengan menggunakan pola
S + V + O + Ving
Contoh:
We saw him crossing the river
AFFIXES and DERIVATIVES
·
Affix : imbuhan, dalam bahasa inggris ada 2
macam imbuhan, yaitu prefixs (awalan) dan suffixes (akhiran)
·
Derivatives: kata baru yang muncul dari kata yang
sudah ada dengan penambahan awalan atau akhiran.
Contoh:
Nation + -al national
(derivative form)
Un- +natural unnatural
(derivative form)
·
Prefixes:
1. Number
prefixes
Awalan yang bermakna angka
Contoh:
Mono, uni -> monologue, unisellular
Du, bi, di -> duplex, binokuler, dichotomy
Tri -> triangle
Quad, quat -> quadran
Penta, quint -> pentagonal
2. Negative
prefixes
Prefixes yang menjadikan maknanya
bernilai negative
Contoh:
Il-, im-, ir-, in- -> irregular, immortal
Un-, non- -> nonsense
Anty- -> antyboby
Dis- -> disagree
Mis- -> misunderstand
Ab- -> abnormal
Mal- -> malnutrition
3. Relationship
prefixes
Frase yang menghubungkan 2
hal/mempunyai makna perhubungan
Contoh:
Ambi <-> double, two = ambigue
Pre, fore, ante <-> before = prewedding
Post <-> after , post script
·
Suffixes
1)
Noun suffixes
Mengubah kata
menjadi kata benda
Contoh: -tion,
-ment, -ness, -ity (agreement, sadness etc)
2)
Person suffixes
Mengubah kata
menjadi pelaku (subject)
Contoh: -er, -eer (manager, volunteer)
-ess (waitress)
- or (actor)
- ator (imaginator)
3)
Verba suffixes
Mengubah kata
menjadi kata kerja
Contoh: -fy, -ify -> beautify
-en ->-en (blacken, darken)
-ise,
ize -> synchronize
4)
Adjective suffixes
Mengubah kata
menjadi kata sifat
Contoh: -ish (childish)
-fie (horsifie)
-ic (historic)
-ate (affectionate)
5)
Adverbial suffixes
Mengubah kata
menjadi kata keterangan
Contoh: -ly (slowly)
-ward (blackward)
RIZQI MINANDAR
10108241082
PGSD UNY UPP II
KELAS C
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