CHAPTER I
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
1.1 THE USE OF PRESENT
CONTINOUS TENSE
We use The Present Continuous Tense when
we talk about something which is happening at the time of speaking.
Example : Please don’t make
so much noise. I’m studying.
We also use The Present Continuous Tense when
we talk about something which is happening around the time of speaking, but not
necessarily exactly at the time of speaking.
Example : Silvia is
learning English at the moment.
We often use the Present Continuous when
we talk about a period around the present.
Example :You’re working
hard today. Yes, I have a lot of to do
We use the present continuous when we
talk about the changing situation.
Example : The population
without jobs is increasing very fast.
1.2. THE ADVERBS OF TIME USED
The adverbs of time used in Present
Continous tense are “NOW, RIGHT NOW,
TOMORROW,ETC
1.3. THE PATTERN OF PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE
The patterns of Present continous tense consist
of :
1.3.A. Positive Pattern
|
S + am/is/are + Verb
4…………………………………………….Now
|
S +
sedang +
4……………………………………..sekarang
Examples :
1. I am studying English now.
2. We
are going to Jakarta
tomorrow (akan)
3. You
are singing now.
4. He
is making a cake now.
5. she
is sewing a shirt now.
6. They
are playing football in the field now.
7. Tom
and Ani are doing their homework tomorrow.
8. The
students are doing sport now.
1.3.b The
Negative Pattern
|
S + am/is/are + Not + Verb 4…………………………………… Now
|
S + tidak sedang + 4 …………………………………….sekarang
Example
:
1. I
am not studying now
2. He
is not sleeping now
3. My
father is not watching television now.
4. we
aren’t going to Jakarta Tomorrow.
1.3.c. The
Interrogative Pattern
|
Am/Is/Are + S +
Verb 4…………………………………………..Now?
|
Apakah
+ S + sedang + 4…………………………sekarang ?
Examples :
1. Are
you studying English now ? Yes, I am/
No, I am not
2. Is
he eating fried rice now? Yes, he is/ No, he isn’t
3. Is
your father working in the office now? Yes, He is/No, He isn’t
1.3.d. Qusetion-word Pattern
|
QW + Am/Is/Are + S
+ Verb 4…………………………………...Now?
|
QW + yang + S +
4……………………………………..sekarang?
Examples :
1. what
are you doing now ? studying
2. Where
is he studying English now ? at school
EXERCISE I : Translate these sentences into English.
- Jack sedang tidur sekarang
- Mary sedang mengerjakan tugas itu
- Kami sedang menonton sebuah film di televisi
- Mereka sedang bermain bola di halaman sekarang
- Guru itu sedang menerangkan pelajaran itu.
- Perusahaan itu sedang tumbuh dengan pesat sekarang.
- Harga saham di bursa Efek Jakarta sedang naik sekarang
- Pak Adi sedang mengajar bahasa Inggris di kampus sekarang
- Polisi tersebut sedang mencari Ali sekarang.
- Ana, Ani, dan Tom sedang berdiskusi sekarang.
EXERCISE
2 : Change the following sentences into (+), (-), and (?)
- They are speaking English now.
- We are not reading now.
- Is your mother frying rice now? No, she isn’t.
- What is your father looking at now ? a picture.
- He is watching “Plan to kill” on TV now.
- The teacher is not explaining tenses to the students now.
- Is Maradona playing football in Argentina Now?
EXERCISE 3 :
Write questions by using question words based on the underlined words in
the following sentences.
1.
John is eating a plate of rice in the dining room now.
2. The cat is eating fried chicken in the
kitchen now.
3. Tom and Jerry are quarrelling about food
now.
4. My father
is teaching Biology at school now.
EXERCISE
4 : Answer the following questions with your own words.
- Are you studying English now ?
- Is your father reading a newspaper now?
- Is your mother sewing a shirt now?
- Are They singing a song at home now?
- Is Mr.Adi teaching English at school now?
- What is your mother doing now?
- What is your brother doing now?
EXERCISE 5 : Write sentences by using the following verbs
Writing, speaking, sewing,
growing, discussing, doing, hunting,eating, drinking, dancing, singing, making,
building, teaching, explaining, talking,
watching, shopping, sleeping, typing, driving, riding, training, working
CHAPTER 2
PAST TENSE
2.1. The Use of Simple Past Tense
We use the past simple to
talk about actions or situations in the past.
2.2. The Adverbs of
time used
The
adverbs of time used in this tense are Yesterday, last….., a week ago, this
morning , last night, yesterday morning, yesterweek, yestermonth, yesteryear,
etc.
2.3. The Patterns
of Simple Past Tense
2.3.1. The Positive Pattern
|
S + Verb 2…………………………………………………… Yesterday
|
S +
2…………………………………………………..
Examples :
1. John
saw a crocodile in the river yesterday.
2. We
studied English here last week.
3. They
played football in the field yesteryear
2.3.2.
The Negative Pattern
|
S + didn’t + Verb 1…………………………………… ……..Yesterday
|
S +
tidak + 1…………………………………kemarin
Examples
:
1. John
didn’t see a crocodile in the river yesterday.
2. We
didn’t study here last week.
3. They
didn’t play football in the field yesteryear.
2.3.3.
The Interrogative Pattern
|
Did + S + Verb
1……………………………………………..Yesterday?
|
Apakah
+ S + 1…………………………………………kemarin?
Examples:
1. Did
John see a crocodile in the river yesterday ? Yes, he did/No, he didn’t
2. Did
you study here last week ? Yes, we did/ No, we didn’t
3. Did
they play football in the field yesteryear? Yes, they did/No, they didn’t
2.3.4.
The Question-word Pattern
|
QW + did + S + Verb
1……………………………….………Yesterday?
|
Qw + yang + S + 1…………………………………….?
Examples:
1. What did John see in the river yesterday ? a
crocodile
2. When
did John see a crocodile in the river? yesterday
|
QW + Verb
2……………………………….………Yesterday? S + did
|
QW
+ 2……………………………..?
Examples :
1. Who
saw a crocodile in the river yesterday ? John did
2. What
grew in the rice-field last year? A coconut tree did
EXERCISE I : Translate these sentences into English !
- Kami menjual mobil kami kemarin
- Apakah kamu pergi ke luar tadi malam ?
- Dia tidak datang ke pesta itu minggu lalu
- Apakah kamu tidur nyenyak tadi malam ?
- Kami menjual rumah kami di Jakarta tahun lalu.
- Manajer pemasaran tersebut melakukan penelitian minggu lalu.
- Apakah perusahaan anda menjual kursi tahun lalu ? Ya.
- Kapan anda menjalankan usaha anda di Jakarta ? tahun lalu
- Siapa yang membuat kue itu kemarin ? ibu saya.
- Apa yang jatuh di jalan kemarin ? Tas saya.
EXERCISE II. Change the following
sentences into (+), (-), ( ?),
Present Continous Tense.
1.
Tom
saw the cats having business under the tree yesterday
2.
They
played cricket at school last week
3.
Did
the policeman arrest the thief last night ?
4.
The
teacher did not attend the meeting this morning
Chapter 3
PRESENT FUTURE TENSE
We often use will in this
situation:
Offering to do something:
e.g. That bag looks heavy. I’ll help with it.
Agreeing and refusing to do something:
e.g. I’ve asked john to help me but he won’t
Promising to do something.
e.g. I will come to your house tonight. I promise.
Asking someone to do something.
Will you close the window,please!
A. The positive pattern of Present Future tense is as follows:
|
S + will/shall + Verb 1…………………………………… Tomorrow
|
S +
akan + 1 …………………….
Example:
1. John will
run a restaurant in Jakarta Next month.
2. Mrs.Maria Eva will play badminton tomorrow
B. The negative pattern of Present Future tense is as follows:
|
S + won’t/shan’t + Verb 1…………………… ………… Tomorrow
|
S +
tidak akan + 1 ………………………………..
Example:
1. John won’t
run a restaurant in Jakarta Next month.
2. Mrs.Maria Eva won’t play badminton tomorrow
C. The Interrogative
pattern of Present Future tense is as follows
|
Will/Shall + S + Verb 1………………………………….. Tomorrow?
|
Apakah + S
+ akan + 1…………………………..?
1. will John
run a restaurant in Jakarta Next month? Yes, He will/No,he won’t.
2. will Mrs.Maria Eva play badminton tomorrow? Yes, She will/No, she won’t
D. The QW pattern of
Present Future tense is as follows
|
QW + will/shall + S
+ Verb 1…………………….………Tomorrow?
|
QW + yang +
S + akan +
1……………………….?
1. when will John run a restaurant in Jakarta?
Next month
2. who will
run a restaurant in Jakarta Next month? John will
3. where will John run a restaurant Next month? Next month
4. what will John do in Jakarta Next month? Running a
restaurant
We often use will to be going to when we say what we
have already decided to do, what we intend to do in the future.
e.g. A:There’s a film on television tonight. Are you going
to watch it?
B: No, I am too
tired. I am going to have an early night.
The pattern :
|
S + am/is/are + going to + Verb 1……………………………………
|
|
S +am/is/are + not + going to + Verb 1…………………… …………
|
|
Am/is/are + S + going to + Verb 1………………………………….. .?
|
|
QW + am/is/are + S + going to + verb 1…………………………… ..?
|
4. PRESENT TENSE
Present Tense is
used to talk about something in general. And it is also used to
talk about something which is happened repeatedly or habituallly activities.
e.g. + The
earth goes round the sun
- The
earth doesn’t go round the sun
? Does the earth go round the sun ?
+ I get up at 8
o’clock every morning
- I don’t get up
at 8 o’clock every morning
? Do you get up at
8 o’clock very morning?
The pattern :
|
S + Verb 1
(s/es)…………………………………… Everyday/today
|
|
S + don’t/doesn’t + Verb 1…………………… ……Everyday/today
|
|
Do/Does + S + Verb 1………………………………Everyday/today?
|
|
QW + Do/does + S +
Verb 1…………………….…Everyday/today?
|
We use the
present simple when wse say how often we do things:
e.g. How often
do you go to the dentist ?
Mary doesn’t often drink tea.
5. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
We
use past continuous Tense to say that someone was in the middle of doing
something at a certain time. The action or situation had already started before
this time but hadn’t finished:
This time last year I was living in Brazil
We
often use the past continuous Tense and the past simple together to say that something
happened in the middle of
something else:
When I was working in the garden, I hurt my back.
The pattern :
|
S + was/were + verb
4………………….When + s + Verb 2…….……
|
|
S + was/were + not + Verb 4…………….When + s + Verb 2…………
|
|
Was/were + S + verb 4…………………. When + s + Verb 2 ……. ….?
|
|
QW + was/were + S + verb 4……………When + s + Verb 2
…………?
|
e.g.
+ She was cooking rice when Tom came
yesterday
- She
wasn’t cooking rice when Tom came yesterday
? Was
she cooking rice when Tom came yesterday ?
6. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
We often use the present
perfect Tense to give new information or to announce recent happening:
e.g. Do you know about Mary
? She’s gone to Jakarta.
We can use the Present
Perfect Tense with already to say that something has happened sooner
than expected :
e.g. Don’t forget to post
this letter, will you? I’ve already posted it.
We can use the Present Perfect Tense with just
(= a short time ago)
e.g. Would you like
something to eat? ‘No, thanks. I’ve just had lunch’.
We talk about a period
of time that continuous up to the present, we use the present perfect.
e.g. Dave: Have you
travelled a lot, Nora?
Nora: Yes, I have been to 47 different
countries.
We often use ever
and never with the present perfect:
e.g. have you ever
eaten caviar?
We have never had a car.
We have to use present
perfect Tense with This is the first time…, It the first time…
e.g. This is the first
time he has driven a car. (not
drives)
We often use the present
perfect with yet. Yet shows that the speaker is expecting something
to happen. Use yet only in questions and negative sentences: e.g.
Has it stopped raining yet ? (not ‘did it stop’).
The pattern:
|
S + have/has + verb 3……………………….etc
|
|
S + haven’t/hasn’t +
Verb 3…………….….etc
|
|
Have/has + S + verb 3………………….. ….etc?
|
|
QW + have/has + S + verb 3………………..etc?
|
7. PAST
PERFECT TENSE
We use the Past perfect to
say that something had already happened before this time :
Example :
-
When I arrived at
the party, Tom had already gone home
-
When I got home,
I found that someone had broken into my flat and had stolen my fur coat.
-
George didn’t
want to come to the cinema with us because he had already seen the film twice.
-
It was my first
time in an aeroplane. I was very nervous because I hadn’t flown before.
The pattern:
|
S + had + verb 3…………when/before S + V2
|
|
S + hadn’t + Verb
3……… when/before S + V2
|
|
Had + S + verb 3………… when/before S + V2 ?
|
|
QW + had + S + verb 3………
when/before S + V2 ?
|
Translate these
sentences into English !
1. Rumah itu sangat sunyi ketika saya tiba. Semua orang
sudah pergi tidur.
2. Saya merasa sangat lelah ketika saya pulang, jadi saya
langsung pergi tidur
3. Saya tidak lapar, saya baru saja makan siang.
4. To tidak bearada di rumah ketika saya
tiba. Dia baru saja keluar.
8. PRESENT
PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
|
S + have/has + been + verb 4…………etc
|
|
S + haven’t/hasn’t + been + verb 4……etc
|
|
Have/has + S + been + verb 4……….etc ?
|
|
QW + have/has + S + been + verb 4…etc ?
|
Example :
-
Pelajar pelajar tengah menyanyi sejak pagi ini
+ The students have been singing since this
morning
-
The students
haven’t been singing since this morning
? Have the
students been singing since this morning ?
Translate these sentences
into English !
1.
Hari sudah hujan selama dua jam
2.
Berapa lama kamu sudah belajar bahasa
inggris ?
3. Saya sudah menonton acara TV tersebut
sejak dua jam
4.
Dia (pr) sudah bermain tenis sejak dia
berumur 8 tahun
5.
Berapa lama kamu suah merokok ?
6. Mereka sudah bermain PS selama tiga
jam
9. PAST
PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
|
S + had been + verb 4…………when S + V2
|
|
S + hadn’t been +
Verb 4……… when S + V2
|
|
Had + S + been +
verb 4………… when S + V2 ?
|
|
QW + had + S + been + verb 4……… when S + V2 ?
|
Example :
-
Mereka tengah mengerjakan
PR ketika saya datang kemarin
+
They had been doing the homework when I came yesterday
-
They hadn’t been
doing the homework when I came yesterday
? Had they been doing the homework when I
came yesterday ?
Translate these sentences into English !
1. Mereka sudah bermain bola selama satu
jam ketika ada petir yang menakutkan
2. Ken sudah merokok selama 30 tahun
ketika akhirnya dia berhenti
3. Orkestra itu sudah bermain selama sepuluh menit ketika seorang laki laki
berteriak
4. Saya sudah mengetik selama tiga puluh menit
ketika listrik itu padam
5. Mereka sudah tidur selama 6 jam
ketika kebakaran itu terjadi
10. PRESENT FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
|
S + will be + Verb 4 + O + at…………..o’clock
|
|
S + won’t be + Verb 4 + O + at………..o’clock
|
|
Will + S + be + Verb 4 + O + at……….o’clock ?
|
|
QW + will + S + be +Verb 4…………o’clock ?
|
Example :
-
Kamu sedang
akan pergi ke sekolah pukul 7 besok pagi
+ You will be
going to school at seven o’clock tomorrow morning
- You won’t be going to school at seven o’clock
tomorrow morning
? Will you be going to school at seven o’clock
tomorrow morning ?
Translate these sentences into English !
1. George sedang akan meninggalkan Indonesia pada
pukul 9 besok pagi
2.
Saya sedang akan menyelesaikan PR itu sore nanti
3.
Dia (pr) sedang akan menonton acara di
stadion tersebut nanti malam
4.
Mereka sedang akan makan malam di
restauran itu nanti malam
5.
Para karyawan sedang akan menyelesaikan
pekerjaan itu pukul 9 nanti malam
11. PRESENT
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
|
S + will have + verb 3 + ……….by the end……
|
|
S + won’t have + Verb 3 + ………..by the end….
|
|
Will + S + have + Verb 3 +
………by the end…. ?
|
|
QW + will + S + have +Verb 3 +…………by the end… ?
|
Example :
-
Kita sudah
akan tiba di Jakarta besok sore.
+
We will have arrived in Jakarta tomorrow
afternoon
-
We won’t
have arrived in Jakarta tomorrow afternoon
? Will we
have arrived in Jakarta tomorrow afternoon ?
Translate these sentences into English !
1. John sudah akan selesai mengerjakan
pekerjaanya menjelang akhir minggu ini
2. Menjelang minggu depan saya akan
selesai membaca buku ini
3. Menjelang bulan depan dia akan membayar hutangnya
4. Kami sudah akan mendapat rumah baru
menjelang akhir tahun ini
12. PRESENT
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
|
S + will have been + verb 4………since……….
|
|
S + won’t have been + verb 4…….since……….
|
|
Will + S + have been + verb 4……since……….?
|
|
QW + will + S + have been + verb 4….since…..?
|
Example :
-
Mereka tengah
akan belajar sejak pagi besok
+
They will have been studying since this morning
- They won’t have been studying since this morning
? Will they have been studying since this
morning ?
Translate these sentences into English !
1. Menjelang akhir tahun ini kami akan
sudah mempelajari bahasa inggris selama
tiga tahun
2. Menjelang hari natal saya akan sudah
bekerja di kantor ini selama lima
tahun
3. Menjelang liburan sekolah ini saya
sudah mengikuti tes selama 5 kali
4.
Menjelang hari raya idul fitri saya
sudah akan dua kali pulang ke desa
13. PAST
FUTURE TENSE
|
S + would + V1…IF + S + verb 2………….etc
|
|
S + wouldn’t + verb 1….+ object…………..etc
|
|
Would + S + verb 1
….+ object ……….…..etc ?
|
Example :
1. Saya akan datang ANDAIKATA kamu mengundang
saya
I would come if you invited me
2. Tom akan melakukan perjalanan JIKAdia punya
uang
Tom would travel if he had more money
Exercise : Translate these sentences into English!
1. Jika saya jadi kamu, saya tidak akan
membeli rumah itu
2. Saya akan keluar jika hari tidak
hujan
3. Jika saya kaya, saya akan membeli
sebuah villa
4. Jika saya dapat berbicara bahasa
inggris, saya akan pergi keluar negeri
5. Saya tidak akan keberatan tinggal di Amerika jika cuacanya bagus
14. PAST
FUTURE CINTINUOUS TENSE
|
S + would be + Verb 4……when S + verb 2……….etc
|
|
S + wouldn’t + be + verb 4….when S + verb 2………etc
|
|
Would + S + be + verb
4 ….. when S + verb 2……etc ?
|
Example :
-
Sedianya mereka sedang akan pulang KETIKA kami datang
+ They would
be going home when we came
-
They wouldn’t be
going home when we came
? Would they
be going home when we came ?
Translate these sentences into English !
1. Saya akan sedang menempuh ujian hari
berikutnya pada waktu itu
2. Kami akan sedang membangun rumah itu
pada waktu itu
3. Mereka sedang akan bermain babak
kedua pada pertandingan sepakbola waktu itu.
15. PAST FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
|
S + would have + verb 3…..IF + S + had + verb 3…….
|
|
S + wouldn’t have +
verb 3 ……object………..etc
|
|
Would + S + have + verb 3 …….object………..etc ?
|
Example :
-
Ia
sudah akan menjadi presiden ANDAIKATA partainya menang dalam pemilihan
umum.
-
He
would have become a presiden if his party had won in general election
Exercise : Translate
these sentences into English!
1. Jika saya telah mengetahui bahwa kamu
sakit, saya akan menemuimu
2. Tom tidak akan mengikuti ujian itu jika dia mengetahui bahwa
soalnya akan begitu sulit.
3. Jika saya berjumpa dengan mu, saya
akan mengatakan hello
4. Jika saya telah mengumpulakan uang,
saya akan menikahi mu
5.
Saya
akan mengirim surat
ini jika kamu telah selesai membuatmya
16. PAST FUTURE
PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
|
S + would have + been + verb 4…..IF + S + had + verb 3…….
|
|
S + wouldn’t have been + verb 4…….object…………etc
|
|
Would + S + have been + verb 4.. …….object………..etc ?
|
Example :
-
Sedianya rapat tengah
akan dimulai sejak pagi ANDAIKATA walikota sudah datang tepat pada
waktunya
-
The
meeting would have been starting since this morning if Mayor had come on time.
Exercise : Translate
these sentences into English!
1. Sedianya concert itu tengah akan
dimulai andaikata artis artis itu datang pada waktunya.
2. Sedianya saya tengah akan tidur
andaikata mereka belum datang
3. Andaikata ayah saya telah selesai
berbelanja, ibu saya akan memasak makanan itu
17. Abbreviation
(singkatan)
1.
I am = I’m
2.
You are = You’re
3.
We are = We’re
4.
They are = They’re
5.
He is = He’s
6.
She is = She’s
7.
It is = It’s
8.
Will not = won’t
9.
Would not = Wouldn’t
10.
Do not = Don’t
11.
Does not = Doesn’t
12.
Did not = Didn’t
13.
Is not = Isn’t
14.
Are not = Aren’t
15.
Was not = Wasn’t
16.
Were not = Weren’t
17.
Have not = Haven’t
18.
Has not = Hasn’t
19.
Had not = Hadn’t
20.
Can not = Can’t
21.
Could not = Couldn’t
22.
Must not = Mustn’t
23.
Should not = Shouldn’t
24.
Might not = Mightn’t
25.
May not = Mayn’t
18. PASSIVE VOICE (IN
POSITIVE FORM)
Penjelasan:
1.
Kalimat pasif
ialah suatu kalimat yang subjeknya dikenai oleh suatu perbuatan atau yang
predikatnya berawalan di…/ ter…
2.
Kata kerja yang
digunakan harus kata kerja transitive, yaitu kata kerja yang bisa diikuti oleh
suatu objek atau benda.
3.
Rumus kalimat
pasif dalam bahasa inggris adalah
sebagai berikut:
|
S
+ To be + V3…………………………………by…
|
4.
To be berfungsi
untuk menentukan Tenses dari suatu kalimat dan untuk membentuk awalan : di….atau: ter…
5.
To be dapat
dijabarkan dalam 16 Tenses (lihatlah 16 Tenses pada rumus kalimat aktif)
Pelajarilah
Rumus dibawah ini :
1.
Present Future
Tense: S + will be + V3…by…
2.
Present Future
Continuous Tense: S + will be + being + V3…by…
3.
Present Future
Perfect Tense: S + will have been + V3
4.
Present Future
Perfect Continuous Tense: S + will have been + being + V3….
5.
Simple Present
Tense: S + am/is/are + V3…
6.
Present
Continuous Tense: S + am/is/are + being +V3…
7.
Present Perfect
Tense: S + have/has + been + V3
8.
Present Perfect
Continuous Tense: S + have been/has been +being +V3…
9.
Past Perfect
Tense: S + had been +V3…
10. Past Perfect Continuous Tense: S + had been + being +
V3…
11. Simple Past Tense: S + Was/were + V3…
12. Past Continuous Tense: S + was/were + being + V3…
13. Past Future Tense: S + would be + V3…
14. Past Future Continuous Tense: S + would be being +V3…
15. Past Future Perfect Tense: S + would have been + V3…
16. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense: S + would have
been + being + V3…
Penjelasan
:
1.
Kata kerja yang
dipakai dalam kalimat pasif ialah V3 (bukan V1, V2, V4)
2.
Tenses dalam
kalimat pasifditentukan aleh bentuk To be nya
3.
TO BE bisa
terdiri dari:
a.
Satu kata saja
(am/is/are/was/were) lihat nomor 5 dan 11.
b.
Dua kata(will
be,have been, has been, had been, would be) lihat nomor1, 7, 9, 13. (am being-is being-are being-was being-were
being) no. 6 dan no. 12.
c.
Tiga kata (will
be being, will have been, have been being, has been being, had been being,
would be being and would have been) lihat nomor 2, 3, 8, 10, 14 dan 15.
d.
Empat kata (will
have been being dan would have been being ) no. 4 dan 16.
4.
Being dalam
kalimat pasif menunjukan: Continuous.
19. PASSIVE – VOICE IN NEGATIVE FORM
1.
|
=
S tak akan di…………………
Example : Engkau tak akan dimarahi olehnya.
2.
|
=
S tidak sedang akan di……….
Example : Rapat tidak sedang
akan dimulai oleh mereka pukul 9 besok pagi.
3.
|
=
S belum akan di…………
Example : Nasi belum akan dimasak olehnya sore ini
4.
|
Example :
Rumah itu belum lagi akan disita oleh Bank pada akhir tahun ini.
5.
|
Example : Pengacau-pengacau itu tidak dikenakan
hukuman oleh Hakim.
6.
|
Example : Mobil saya tidak sedang direparasi sekarang
7.
|
Example
: Saya belum diajak dalam percakapan bahasa Inggris oleh kawan-kawan saya.
8.
|
Example
: Korupsi masih belum diberantas oleh pemerintah sejak bertahun-tahun yang
lalu.
9.
|
Example :
Tomy belum dituduh sebagai penghianat, sebelum Jaksa Agung terbunuh.
10.
|
Example
: Buchary masih belum dicalonkan Walikota, ketika otonomi dilimpahkan
ke-propinsi.
11.
|
Example :
Tindakan keras tidak dilakukan oleh pemerintah terhadap para koruptor.
12.
|
Example : Pasien tidak sedang dioperasi ketika ia
meninggal kemarin.
·
No. 13 s/d No.
16, hanya menambahkan kata Not, pada kata bantu yang pertama.
Lihat pada
16 Tenses kalimat pasip bentuk berita.
Note : Keterangan
pelaku (by me, by us, by him, dst) dan keterangan waktu, bisa dipakai bila
diperlukan. Tergantung kepada : kondisi dan situasi dari tiap kalimat yang diucapkan.
20. PASSIVE
VOICE IN INTERROGATIVE
1.
|
=
Yes/No,………
Example :
Apakah Bahasa Inggris akan dipakai di Pontianak ?
When
+ ……………………………… ? = Few years from now.
2.
|
=
Yes/No,………………...
Example :
Apakah rapat sedang akan diadakan pukul 9 besok ?
What
time + ………………... ? = At 9 o’clock.
3.
|
=
Yes/No,………………...
Example :
Apakah pekerjaanmu sudah akan diselesaikan sore ini ?
What
+ …………………….. ? = Your job.
4.
|
=
Yes/No,……………….
Example
: Apakah norma-norma hukum tengah akan diberlakukan sesudah negara bangkrut ?
Why
+ …………………………... ? = Because none is hones in government.
5.
|
=
Yes/No,………………
Example :
Apakah saya diminta untuk menemani kamu ?
By whom + …………………………. ? = By
our director.
6.
|
=
Yes/No,………………...
Example :
Apakah penari-penari itu sedang dijemput sekarang ?
Where + ……………………. ? = At
the airport.
7.
|
=
Yes/No,………………...
Example
: Sudahkah tiket-tiket itu dibeli olehmu ?
How many tickets + ……….. ? = 5
tickets
8.
|
=
Yes/No,………………
Example
: Apakah Budi tengah diopname di rumah sakit ?
How long + …………………. ? = For
3 days.
9.
|
=
Yes/No,………………
Example :
Apakah perampok-perampok itu sudah tertembak dikakinya sebelum mereka
menyerahkan diri ?
Who
+ ………………… ? = The robbers.
10.
|
=
Yes/No,………………
Example
: Apakah ia tengah diperbantukan sebelum kepada Departemen Pendidikan sebelum
ia menjadi Menteri ?
How
long + …………………. ? = More than 3 year.
11.
|
=
Yes/No,………………
Example :
Apakah masalah Tomy dibicarakan di DPR ?
What
+ ………………………. ? = Tomy’s problem.
12.
|
=
Yes/No,………………
Example
: Apakah proyek perumahan sedang direncanakan di kota ini ketika saya ada di luar negeri tahun
lalu ?
By
whom + ………………… ? = By the mayor.
13. Past Future Tense :
Hanya mengubah : Will dengan Would dan keterangan waktu
14. Past Future Continuous Tense : sama di atas (kalimat dikarang sendiri)
15. Past Future Perfect Tense : sama di atas (kalimat dikarang sendri)
16. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense : sama di atas (kalimat dikarang sendiri)
21. CAUSATIVE Dengan HAVE
Dan GET
Fungsi : I. Menyuruh sesorang untuk mengerjakan sesuatu.
II. Menyuruh
agar sesuatu dikerjakan oleh orang lain.
Bandingkanlah kalimat-kalimat
berikut:
1.
Tono mengecat rumahnya hari ini.
2.
Rumah Tono dicat sendiri olehnya.
3.
Tono menyuruh tukang cat mengecatkan rumahnya.
4.
Tono mengecatkan rumahnya.
Rumus-Rumus Causative:
|
A.
Eg: 1. He has
a mechanic repair his car today
2. He will
have a mechanic repair his car tomorrow
3. He is having
a mechanic ………etc now
|
B.
Eg: 1. I had
my tooth pulled out yesterday
2. Ali has
had his hair cut since yesterday
Note : Perubahan Tenses hanya
terjadi pada kata kerja to have.
(have (has) –
had – had – having)
|
C.
Eg : 1. He will get me to help him tomorrow
2. He doesn’t
get me to come to his house today
3. He has get
me to bring a dictionary
|
D.
Eg : 1. The
girl gets her face made up (dihias)
2. I won’t
get my hair cut short.
3. Budi is
getting his tooth pulled out now
|
THE 16 TENSES
Perhatikan perubahan yang terjadi
dari Rumus umum ke – TENSES TERTENTU:
|
- S + will + have + S.O + V1 + …
- S + will + have had + S.O + V1 + …
- S + have (has) + S.O + V1 + …
- S + had + S.O + V1 + …
- S + have + had + S.O + V1 + …
has
- S + had + had + S.O + V1 + …
- S + will be + having + S.O + V1 + …
- S + will + have been + having + S.O + V1 + …
- S + (am, is, are) + V4 + S.O + V1 + …
- S + (was, were) + V4 + S.O + V1 + …
- S + (have been/has been) + having + S.O + V1 + …
- S + had been + having + S.O + V1 + …
- S + would + have + S.O + V1 + …
- S + would be + having + S.O + V1 + …
- S + would + have had + S.O + V1 + …
- S + would + have been + having + S.O + …
RENUNGKAN:
1.
to have, adalah bentuk : Infinitive (=kata kerja pokok)
yang berubah menurut Tenses tertentu. (dilahat 16 Tenses diatas).
- S.O = Some One = adalah Object, dan bukan Subjek.
Jadi: S.O,
bisa menjadi = me, you, him, her, us, them.
One’s = bisa
menjadi : my, your, his, her, our, dsb
S = (Subjek),
seperti: I, You, He, She, We They, It, dan benda-benda lainnya. (T.V, Radio,
Weather, the wind).
- V1, dalam rumus diatas tidak berubah dalam segala bentuk kalimat dan bentuk Tenses apapun. V1, tetap V1, tidak ada perubahan.
V1 V2 V3 V4
have had had having
PATTERN EXERCISE:
TASK : Make free statements
according to the PATTERNS (rumus) below:
|
A. 1.
Eg : …………………………………………
|
2.
Eg :
…………………………………………
|
3.
Eg : When …………………………………………..
|
4.
Eg : Who has ………………………………
|
5.
= suruhlah ……!
Eg : ……………………………………
|
B. 1.
Saya tidak akan mengecatkan rumahku.
= …………………………………………
|
2.
Apakah Budi
mereparasikan mobilnya hari ini ?
= ………………………………………………... ?
|
3.
Dimana Evi mencabutkan
giginya kemarin
= …………………………………………….
|
Siapa yang akan berpoto ?
= Who will
have one’s picture taken ?
One’s picture = seseorang yang belum diketahui.
LIST OF TRANSITIVE – VERB
|
No
|
Infinitive
(Kata Dasar)
V1
|
Past Tense
V2
|
Past Participle
V3
|
Present Participle
V4
|
The Meaning in Indonesian:
|
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
|
to
do
to
have
to
tell
to
own
to
read
to
write
to
listen
to
speak
to
say
to
ask
to
answer
to
borrow
to
lend
to
give
to
send
to
repeat
to
buy
to
sell
to
present
to
wait (for)
to
see
to
visit
to
invite
to
reject
to
refuse
to
inprove
to
avoid
to
deny
to
arrange
to
plan
to
make
to
build
to
burry
to
scold
to
rebuke
to
bribe
to
attack
to
defend
to
enforce
to
learn
to
study
to
copy
to
compose
to
review
to
interview
to
repair
to
know
to
understand
to
take
to
eat
to
drink
to
substitute
to
succeed
to
devide
to
nominate
to
cook
to
receive
to
believe
to
agree
to
disagree
to
propose
to
oppose
to
predict
to
let
to
put
to
cut
to
continue
to
draw
to
think
to
express
to
prove
to
remember
to
remind
to
warn
to
memorize
to
forget
to
admire
to
praise
to
insult
to
submit
to
report
to
open
to
shut
to
close
to
mark
to
weigh
to
measure
to
evaluate
to
taste
to
hold
to
touch
to
teach
to
return
to
reply
to
pay
to
calculate
to
throw
to
hit
to
beat
to
bite
to
hide
to
serve
to
explain
to
interpret
to
predict
to
activate
to
motivate
|
did
had
told
owned
read
wrote
listened
spoke
said
asked
answered
borrowed
lent
gave
sent
repeated
bought
sold
presented
waited
saw
visited
invited
rejected
refused
improved
avoided
denied
arranged
planned
made
buit
burried
scolded
rebuked
bribed
attacked
defended
enforced
learnt
studied
copied
composed
reviewed
intervived
repaired
knew
understood
took
ate
drank
~d
~ed
~d
~d
~ed
~d
~d
~d
~d
~d
~d
~ed
~ed
~ed
~ed
~d
drew
thought
~ed
~d
~ed
~ed
~ed
~d
forgot
~d
~d
~ed
~ted
~ed
~ed
~ed
~d
~ed
~ed
~d
~d
~d
held
~ed
taught
~ed
replied
~ed
~d
threw
~ed
~ed
bit
hid
~d
~ed
~ed
~ed
~d
~d
|
done
had
told
owned
read
written
~ed
spoken
said
~ed
~ed
~ed
lent
given
sent
~ed
bought
sold
~ed
~ed
seen
~ed
~ed
~ed
~ed
~ed
~ed
denied
~ed
~ned
made
built
burried
~ed
~d
~d
~ed
~ed
~d
learnt
studied
copied
~d
~ed
~ed
~ed
known
understood
taken
eaten
drunk
~d
~d
~d
~d
~ed
~d
~d
~d
~d
~d
~d
~ed
~ed
~ed
~ed
~d
drawn
thought
~ed
~d
~ed
~ed
~ed
~d
forgotten
~d
~d
~ed
~ted
~ed
~ed
~ed
~d
~ed
~ed
~d
~d
~d
held
~ed
taught
~ed
replied
~ed
~d
thrown
~ed
~ed
beaten
hid
~d
~ed
~ed
~ed
~d
~d
|
~ing
having
~ing
~ing
~ing
writing
~ing
~ing
~ing
~ing
~ing
~ing
~ing
giving
~ing
~ing
~ing
~ing
~ing
~ing
~ing
~ing
inviting
~ing
refusing
improving
~ing
~ing
arranging
~ing
making
~ing
~ing
~ing
rebuking
bribing
~ing
~ing
enforcing
~ing
~ing
~ing
composing
~ing
~ing
~ing
~ing
~ing
taking
~ing
~ing
subtituting
~ing
dividing
nominating
~ing
receiving
believing
~ing
~ing
proposing
opposing
~ing
~ting
~ting
~ting
~ing
~ing
~ing
~ing
proving
~ing
~ing
~ing
memorizing
~ting
admiring
praising
~ing
~ting
~ing
~ing
~ting
closing
~ing
~ing
measuring
evaluating
tasting
~ing
~ing
~ing
~ing
~ing
~ing
calculating
~ing
~ting
~ing
~ing
hiding
serving
~ing
~ing
~ing
activating
motivating
|
mengerjkan,
melakukan.
mempunyai
mengatakan,
menceritakan, menyuruh.
memiliki
membaca
menulis
mendengarkan
berbicara,
pandai berbahasa
berkata,
mengatakan
bertanya,
meminta, menyuruh
menjawab
meminjam
(dari)
meminjamkan
(kepada)
memberi
(kan)
mengirim,
menyuruh
mengulang
membeli
menjual
menyajikan
(cerita, materi)
menunggu
melihat,
bertemu, berkenalan
mengunjungi
mengundang,
mengajak
menolak
menolak
(tawaran, ajakan)
memperbaiki,
meningkatkan
menghindari
(kan)
menyangkal,
mambantah
menyusun,
mengatur, merencanakan
merencanakan
membuat,
menyebabkan
membangun,
mendirikan
menguburkan
memarahi
memarahi
menyuap, menyogok
menyerang
mempertahankan
memaksa,
memberlakukan
belajar
mempelajari
menyalin
menyusun, mengarang
mengulang kembali
mewawancarai
mereparasi
mengetahui, tahu, kenal
mengerti
mengambil, mengantarkan
makan
minum
mengganti
berhasil, menggantikan
membagi
mencalonkan
memasak
menerima
percaya
setuju
tidak
setuju
mengusulkan
menentang,
melawan
meramalkan
membiarkan,
mengijinkan
meletakkan
memotong
meneruskan,
melanjutkan
menggambar,
menarik
berpikir,
berpendapat
menyatakan,
mengutarakan
membuktikan
ingat
mengingatkan
memperingatkan
mengingat-ingat,
menghafal
melupakan
mengagumi,
memuji
memuji
menghina
menyerahkan
melaporkan
membuka
menutup
menutup
manandai, memberi tanda
menimbang
mengukur
mengevaluasi
mencicipi, merasa (dengan
lidah)
memegang,
mengadakan
menyentuh,
meraba
mengajar
mengembalikan
menjawab
membayar
menghitung
melempar
memukul
memukul
menggigit
bersembunyi
melayani,
menghidangkan
menerangkan
menafsirkan
meramalkan
mengaktifkan,
menggiatkan
memotivasi,
menggerakan
|
|
Note
: tanda ~ (tilde), ialah tanda yang berarti Kata Dasar (Infinitive)
Contoh : to work ……~
ed = worked // ~ ing = working, dst.
“to” pada
Infinitive, tidak dipakai sebagai predikat dalam suatu kalimat (Lihat
Rumus)
|
|||||
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